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The object of this work is to analyse since when the topics of terrorism and non-proliferation merged on the International and European agenda in relation to trade control of sensitive goods . From 2001 we seek to analyse how in Multilateral fora and European institutions the issue of WMD non-proliferation has been related to the appearance of a branched network of terrorism, and what have been (if any), the consequences of such a connection on trade control systems, or more generally on non-proliferation policies. Since when is terrorism introduced as an assessment criterion in the trade of sensitive goods? And there have been other measures undertaken on the issue of counter-proliferation?
The first chapter introduces a brief description of the main terms referred to in this work, namely terrorism, export control and and dual-use.
The second chapter is focused on the on the measures agreed at the International level, with regard to the role of the UN and the principal multilateral arrangements of export-control and non-proliferation. In the first section is presented the reaction of the UNSC through the analysis of key resolutions. The second section is about the initiatives promoted by the UNGA in the field of counter-terrorism in its link to CBRN proliferation. The third section examines how the international export-control and non-proliferation groups addressed the threat constituted by the risk of diversion to terrorists.
The third chapter deals with the role played by the European Union. The first section concerns the elaboration of the main policy guidelines and strategies agreed by the EU institutions to cope with the threat and the possible consequences posed by terrorist attacks and the resort to the use of WMD related materials. The second section analyses the strongholds of the current EU trade control system of dual-use goods, as well as the proposed lines of development of its upcoming revision. Finally, the third section draws the attention on the role of the European Parliamentary scrutiny of the EU measures in preventing and responding the risk arising from terrorism and proliferation.
The conclusions show that after 2001, and with revived emphasis after 2004, the principal multilateral fora as well as the EU acknowledged the critical connection between terrorism and WMD proliferation. The most important measures have been to require State to establish domestic export controls, to strengthen the controls of traded items or to provide tools for their extension to non-listed goods. The EU will agree on a number of new strategies to counter these threats, playing a role in between the implementation of the international obligations as agreed in the UN and multilateral arrangements, and the promotion of counter-terrorism and non-proliferations policies in its relationship with Third Countries.

Terrorism --- WMD proliferation --- export control --- dual-use --- Droit, criminologie & sciences politiques > Sciences politiques, administration publique & relations internationales

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De par leur présence dans la plupart des conflits armés récents ou actuels, les groupes armés non étatiques représentent incontestablement un défi majeur pour le droit international. Partant de ce constat, l'objectif de cet ouvrage est d'offrir une étude approfondie et globale des groupes armés non étatiques en droit international. En application de critères issus du droit international public façonné par l'étatisme, l'ouvrage définit ainsi les notions de groupe armé non étatique et de membre de celui-ci dans un contexte marqué par la multiplicité des entités non étatiques. Sur la base des notions de sources du droit, de responsabilité, de jus in bello, de jus ad bellum et des droits de l'homme, il permet de saisir la nature et l'intensité des rapports entre le droit international public et les groupes armés non étatiques. Il met ainsi en lumière le conflit gouvernant lesdits rapports qui illustre la tension entre l'intérêt humain et l'intérêt étatique.

War (International law) --- Militia movements --- Terrorism (International law) --- Non-state actors (International relations) --- Terrorism --- Guerre (Droit international) --- Milices --- Terrorisme --- Acteurs non étatiques (Relations internationales) --- Law and legislation --- Prevention --- Law and legislation. --- Droit --- Droit international --- Prévention --- Acteurs non étatiques (Relations internationales) --- Prévention --- E-books --- Droit humanitaire --- Guerre --- Terrorism - Prevention - Law and legislation --- État --- Forces armées

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Résumé :

L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer si les attitudes envers l'Islam pouvaient influencer ou non le sentiment d'insécurité vis-à-vis du terrorisme islamiste chez des étudiants ?
Pour pouvoir répondre à cette question, nous avons réalisé une recherche descriptive et explicative sur une population d'étudiants, composée d'un échantillon étant sensibilisé à la thématique du terrorisme (étudiants en criminologie de l'Université de Liège) et d'un autre n'étant pas sensibilisé à cette thématique (étudiants en sage-femme de l’École Helmo de Liège). 
Le public ciblé est constitué d'un maximum de 240 étudiants, pour lequel nous avons réussi à obtenir ¼ de participation (37 criminologues et 21 sages-femmes). L'échantillon de cette étude est donc composé de 58 étudiants : 45 femmes, 12 hommes (et 1 ''autre'' concernant le genre). Ils sont 57% à avoir entre 22 et 24 ans, pour une moyenne d'age de 30,8 ans et 65% a être non croyant.
Les résultats démontrent une influence des attitudes envers l'Islam sur le sentiment d'insécurité, mais également qu'une influence du sentiment d'insécurité sur les attitudes envers l'Islam était aussi possible. Il ne semble donc pas s'agir d'une influence exclusivement unilatérale, mais bien d'une influence en inter-relation.

Mots clefs : sentiment d'insécurité, Islam, attitudes envers l'Islam, terrorisme islamiste.
Abstract :

The purpose of this study is to determine whether attitudes towards Islam could or could not influence the feeling of insecurity towards Islamist terrorism in students ? To answer this question, we carried out a descriptive and explanatory research on a student population, made up of a sample being sensitized to the theme of terrorism (criminology students from the University of Liège) and another one being not aware of this theme (students in midwifery Helmo School of Liège). The target audience consists of a maximum of 240 students, for which we managed to obtain ¼ of participation (37 criminologists and 21 midwives). The sample of this study is composed of 58 students : 45 women, 12 men (and 1 "other" about gender). They are 57% aged between 22 and 24, for an average age of 30.8 years and 65% to be unbeliever. The results demonstrate an influence of attitudes towards Islam on the feeling of insecurity, but also that an influence of the feeling of insecurity on attitudes towards Islam was also possible. It does not seem, therefore, to be an exclusively unilateral influence, but one of inter-related influence.

Key words : feeling of insecurity, Islam, attitudes towards Islam, islamist terrorism.

sentiment d'insécurité --- islam --- attitudes envers l'islam --- terrorisme islamiste --- feeling of insecurity --- attitudes towards Islam --- islamist terrorism --- Droit, criminologie & sciences politiques > Criminologie

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National security --- Civil rights --- Constitutional law --- Sécurité nationale --- Droits de l'homme --- Droit constitutionnel --- Police --- Law enforcement --- Internal security --- Terrorism --- Prevention --- Law and legislation --- Sécurité nationale --- Police - France --- Law enforcement - France --- Internal security - France --- Terrorism - Prevention - Law and legislation - France --- Civil rights - France --- France --- Police administrative --- Constitutions --- Proportionnalité (droit) --- Sûreté de l'Etat --- Ordre public --- Pouvoirs

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Theses --- Political violence --- Plattelandsbevolking. --- Politiek geweld --- Tachtigjarige oorlog. --- History. --- Politiek geweld. --- History --- Violence --- Political crimes and offenses --- Terrorism --- Netherlands --- 's-Hertogenbosch (Netherlands : Meierij) --- Den Bosch (North Brabant, Netherlands : Meierij) --- Meierij van 's-Hertogenbosch (Netherlands)